实践教程|PyTorch数据导入机制与标准化代码模板

2022-12-20 10:36 592 阅读 ID:614
机器学习算法与自然语言处理
机器学习算法与自然语言处理

这篇文章笔者将和大家聚焦于PyTorch的自定义数据读取pipeline模板和相关trciks以及如何优化数据读取的pipeline等。我们从PyTorch的数据对象类Dataset开始。Dataset在PyTorch中的模块位于utils.data下。

from torch.utils.data import Dataset

本文将围绕Dataset对象分别从原始模板、torchvision的transforms模块、使用pandas来辅助读取、torch内置数据划分功能和DataLoader来展开阐述。

1.『Dataset原始模板』

PyTorch官方为我们提供了自定义数据读取的标准化代码代码模块,作为一个读取框架,我们这里称之为原始模板。其代码结构如下:

from torch.utils.data import Dataset
class CustomDataset(Dataset):
    def __init__(self, ...):
        # stuff
        
    def __getitem__(self, index):
        # stuff
        return (img, label)
        
    def __len__(self):
        # return examples size
        return count

根据这个标准化的代码模板,我们只需要根据自己的数据读取任务,分别往__init__()、__getitem__()和__len__()三个方法里添加读取逻辑即可。作为PyTorch范式下的数据读取以及为了后续的data loader,三个方法缺一不可。其中:

  • __init__()函数用于初始化数据读取逻辑,比如读取包含标签和图片地址的csv文件、定义transform组合等。
  • __getitem__()函数用来返回数据和标签。目的上是为了能够被后续的dataloader所调用。
  • __len__()函数则用于返回样本数量。

现在我们往这个框架里填几行代码来形成一个简单的数字案例。创建一个从1到100的数字例子:

from torch.utils.data import Dataset
class CustomDataset(Dataset):
    def __init__(self):
        self.samples = list(range(1, 101))
    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.samples)
    def __getitem__(self, idx):
        return self.samples[idx]
        
if __name__ == '__main__':
    dataset = CustomDataset()
    print(len(dataset))
    print(dataset[50])
    print(dataset[1:100])

2.『添加torchvision.transforms』

然后我们来看如何从内存中读取数据以及如何在读取过程中嵌入torchvision中的transforms功能。torchvision是一个独立于torch的关于数据、模型和一些图像增强操作的辅助库。主要包括datasets默认数据集模块、models经典模型模块、transforms图像增强模块以及utils模块等。在使用torch读取数据的时候,一般会搭配上transforms模块对数据进行一些处理和增强工作。

添加了tranforms之后的读取模块可以改写为:

from torch.utils.data import Dataset
from torchvision import transforms as T

class CustomDataset(Dataset):
    def __init__(self, ...):
        # stuff
        ...
        # compose the transforms methods
        self.transform = T.Compose([T.CenterCrop(100),
                                T.ToTensor()])
        
    def __getitem__(self, index):
        # stuff
        ...
        data = # Some data read from a file or image
        # execute the transform
        data = self.transform(data)  
        return (img, label)
        
    def __len__(self):
        # return examples size
        return count
        
if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Call the dataset
    custom_dataset = CustomDataset(...)

可以看到,我们使用了Compose方法来把各种数据处理方法聚合到一起进行定义数据转换方法。通常作为初始化方法放在__init__()函数下。我们以猫狗图像数据为例进行说明。

定义数据读取方法如下:

class DogCat(Dataset):    
    def __init__(self, root, transforms=None, train=True, val=False):
        """
        get images and execute transforms.
        """
        self.val = val
        imgs = [os.path.join(root, img) for img in os.listdir(root)]
        # train: Cats_Dogs/trainset/cat.1.jpg
        # val: Cats_Dogs/valset/cat.10004.jpg
        imgs = sorted(imgs, key=lambda x: x.split('.')[-2])
        self.imgs = imgs         
        if transforms is None:
            # normalize      
            normalize = T.Normalize(mean = [0.485, 0.456, 0.406],
                                     std = [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
            # trainset and valset have different data transform 
            # trainset need data augmentation but valset don't.
            # valset

            if self.val:
                self.transforms = T.Compose([
                    T.Resize(224),
                    T.CenterCrop(224),
                    T.ToTensor(),
                    normalize
                ])
            # trainset
            else:
                self.transforms = T.Compose([
                    T.Resize(256),
                    T.RandomResizedCrop(224),
                    T.RandomHorizontalFlip(),
                    T.ToTensor(),
                    normalize
                ])
                       
    def __getitem__(self, index):
        """
        return data and label
        """
        img_path = self.imgs[index]
        label = 1 if 'dog' in img_path.split('/')[-1] else 0
        data = Image.open(img_path)
        data = self.transforms(data)
        return data, label
  
    def __len__(self):
        """
        return images size.
        """
        return len(self.imgs)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    train_dataset = DogCat('./Cats_Dogs/trainset/', train=True)
    print(len(train_dataset))
    print(train_dataset[0])

因为这个数据集已经分好了训练集和验证集,所以在读取和transforms的时候需要进行区分。运行示例如下:

3.『与pandas一起使用』

很多时候数据的目录地址和标签都是通过csv文件给出的。如下所示:

此时在数据读取的pipeline中我们需要在__init__()方法中利用pandas把csv文件中包含的图片地址和标签融合进去。相应的数据读取pipeline模板可以改写为:

class CustomDatasetFromCSV(Dataset):
    def __init__(self, csv_path):
        """
        Args:
            csv_path (string): path to csv file
            transform: pytorch transforms for transforms and tensor conversion
        """
        # Transforms
        self.to_tensor = transforms.ToTensor()
        # Read the csv file
        self.data_info = pd.read_csv(csv_path, header=None)
        # First column contains the image paths
        self.image_arr = np.asarray(self.data_info.iloc[:, 0])
        # Second column is the labels
        self.label_arr = np.asarray(self.data_info.iloc[:, 1])
        # Calculate len
        self.data_len = len(self.data_info.index)

    def __getitem__(self, index):
        # Get image name from the pandas df
        single_image_name = self.image_arr[index]
        # Open image
        img_as_img = Image.open(single_image_name)
        # Transform image to tensor
        img_as_tensor = self.to_tensor(img_as_img)
        # Get label of the image based on the cropped pandas column
        single_image_label = self.label_arr[index]
        return (img_as_tensor, single_image_label)

    def __len__(self):
        return self.data_len

if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Call dataset
    dataset =  CustomDatasetFromCSV('./labels.csv')

以mnist_label.csv文件为示例:

from torch.utils.data import Dataset
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
from torchvision import transforms as T
from PIL import Image
import os
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

class CustomDatasetFromCSV(Dataset):
    def __init__(self, csv_path):
        """
        Args:
            csv_path (string): path to csv file            
            transform: pytorch transforms for transforms and tensor conversion
        """
        # Transforms
        self.to_tensor = T.ToTensor()
        # Read the csv file
        self.data_info = pd.read_csv(csv_path, header=None)
        # First column contains the image paths
        self.image_arr = np.asarray(self.data_info.iloc[:, 0])
        # Second column is the labels
        self.label_arr = np.asarray(self.data_info.iloc[:, 1])
        # Third column is for an operation indicator
        self.operation_arr = np.asarray(self.data_info.iloc[:, 2])
        # Calculate len
        self.data_len = len(self.data_info.index)

    def __getitem__(self, index):
        # Get image name from the pandas df
        single_image_name = self.image_arr[index]
        # Open image
        img_as_img = Image.open(single_image_name)
        # Check if there is an operation
        some_operation = self.operation_arr[index]
        # If there is an operation
        if some_operation:
            # Do some operation on image
            # ...
            # ...
            pass

        # Transform image to tensor
        img_as_tensor = self.to_tensor(img_as_img)
        # Get label of the image based on the cropped pandas column
        single_image_label = self.label_arr[index]
        return (img_as_tensor, single_image_label)

    def __len__(self):
        return self.data_len

if __name__ == "__main__":
    transform = T.Compose([T.ToTensor()])
    dataset = CustomDatasetFromCSV('./mnist_labels.csv')
    print(len(dataset))
    print(dataset[5])

运行示例如下:

4.『训练集验证集划分』

一般来说,为了模型训练的稳定,我们需要对数据划分训练集和验证集。torch的Dataset对象也提供了random_split函数作为数据划分工具,且划分结果可直接供后续的DataLoader使用。

以kaggle的花朵数据为例:

from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
from torchvision.datasets import ImageFolder
from torchvision import transforms as T
from torch.utils.data import random_split

transform = T.Compose([
    T.Resize((224, 224)),
    T.RandomHorizontalFlip(),
    T.ToTensor()
 ])

dataset = ImageFolder('./flowers_photos', transform=transform)
print(dataset.class_to_idx)

trainset, valset = random_split(dataset, 
                [int(len(dataset)*0.7), len(dataset)-int(len(dataset)*0.7)])

trainloader = DataLoader(dataset=trainset, batch_size=32, shuffle=True, num_workers=1)
for i, (img, label) in enumerate(trainloader):
    img, label = img.numpy(), label.numpy()
    print(img, label)

valloader = DataLoader(dataset=valset, batch_size=32, shuffle=True, num_workers=1)
for i, (img, label) in enumerate(trainloader):
    img, label = img.numpy(), label.numpy()
    print(img.shape, label)

这里使用了ImageFolder模块,可以直接读取各标签对应的文件夹,部分运行示例如下:

5.这里使用了ImageFolder模块,可以直接读取各标签对应的文件夹,部分运行示例如下:

dataset方法写好之后,我们还需要使用DataLoader将其逐个喂给模型。上一节的数据划分我们已经用到了DataLoader函数。从本质上来讲,DataLoader只是调用了__getitem__()方法并按批次返回数据和标签。使用方法如下:

from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
from torchvision import transforms as T

if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Define transforms
    transformations = T.Compose([T.ToTensor()])
    # Define custom dataset
    dataset = CustomDatasetFromCSV('./labels.csv')
    # Define data loader
    data_loader = DataLoader(dataset=dataset, batch_size=10, shuffle=True)
    for images, labels in data_loader:
        # Feed the data to the model

以上就是PyTorch读取数据的Pipeline主要方法和流程。基于Dataset对象的基本框架不变,具体细节可自定义化调整。

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